The school was the end result of a study, published in May 1968, by USN Captain Frank Ault who, at the direction of the CNO, researched the failings of the US air to air missiles used in aerial combat in the skies over North Vietnam.[2] Operation Rolling Thunder, which lasted from 2 March 1965 to 1 November 1968, resulted in nearly 1,000 US aircraft losses in approximately one million sorties.[3] Operation Rolling Thunder became the Rorschach test for both the USN and the US Air Force, and from which they drew nearly opposite conclusions.[4] The USAF concluded that its air losses were primarily due to unobserved MiG attacks from the rear, and was therefore a technology problem. The Air Force focused on these "technical problems" with upgrades to their F4 Phantom II fleet, such as installing an internal 20mm Vulcan cannon (replacing the gun pods carried under the aircraft’s belly by Air Force Phantom units, such as the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing), developing improved airborne radar systems, and working to solve the targeting problems of the AIM9 and AIM7 airtoair missiles.The Navy, in what became known as the "Ault Report", came to the conclusion that inadequate aircrew training in air combat maneuvering (ACM) skills was the problem.[5] The conclusions of the "Ault Report" were not news to the F8 Crusader community, who had been lobbying for an ACM training program ever since the commencement of Rolling Thunder in 1965.[1]The Ault Report recommended establishment of an "Advanced Fighter Weapons School" to revive and disseminate community fighter expertise throughout the fleet. The school was initially formed using many F8 pilots as instructors,[6] and placed under the control of F4 Phantomequipped Replacement Air Group (RAG) unit VF121 "Pacemakers." At the time it received relatively scant funding and resources, and built its syllabus from scratch, while borrowing aircraft from its parent unit as well as other units to support the practical aspects of their operations.Its objective was to develop, refine and teach aerial dogfight tactics and techniques to selected fleet air crews, using the concept of Dissimilar Air Combat Training. DACT uses standin aircraft to realistically replicate expected threat aircraft and presently is widely used in air arms the world over. At that time the predominant threat aircraft were the nbuilt transonic MiG17 ’Fresco’ and the supersonic MiG21 ’Fishbed’.TOPGUN initially operated the A4 Skyhawk and borrowed USAF T38 Talons to simulate the flying characteristics of the MiG17 and MiG21, respectively. The school also made use of Marinecrewed A6 Intruders and USAF F106 aircraft when available. Later, the T38 was replaced by the F5E and F5F Tiger II. Navy Fleet Air Gunnery Units, or FAGU, had provided air combat training for Naval Aviators from the early 1950s until 1960, when a doctrinal shift, brought on by advances in missile, radar and fire control technology, contributed to the belief that the era of the classic dogfight was over, leading to their disestablishment.[9][10] The pilots who were part of the initial cadre of instructors at TOPGUN had experience as students from FAGU.[10]Air crews selected to attend the TOPGUN course were chosen from frontline units. Upon graduating, these crews would return to their parent fleet units to relay what they had learned to their fellow squadron matesin essence becoming instructors themselves.During the halt in the bombing campaign against North Vietnam (in force from 1968 until the early 1970s), TOPGUN established itself as a center of excellence in fighter doctrine, tactics and training. By the time aerial activity over the North resumed, most Navy squadrons had a TOPGUN graduate. According to the USN, the results were dramatic. The Navy killtoloss ratio against the North Vietnamese Air Force (NVAF) MiGs soared from 3.7:1 (19651967) to 13:1 (post 1970), while the Air Force, which had not implemented a similar training program, actually had its kill ratio worsen for a time after the resumption of bombing, according to Benjamin Lambeth’s The Transformation of American Airpower. Navy fighter crews vindicated the fledging DACT school’s existence and led to TOPGUN becoming a separate, fully funded command in itself, with its own permanently assigned aviation, staffing, and infrastructural assets. Successful TOPGUN graduates who scored airtoair kills over North Vietnam and returned to instruct included "Mugs" McKeown and Jack Ensch. aces of the Vietnam War, Randy "Duke" Cunningham and Willie Driscoll did not receive any official TOPGUN training. However during the course of their training with VF121 they did get the opportunity to fly against TOPGUN instructors whilst being taught how to operate the F4 Phantom at NAS Miramar.It was not until after the war in Vietnam ended that the Air Force initiated a robust DACT program with dedicated aggressor squadrons. The Air Force also initiated a program to replicate an aircrew’s first ten combat missions known as Red Flag, and the United States Air Force Weapons School also increased emphasis on DACT.The 1970s and 1980s brought the introduction of the F14 Tomcat and the F/A18 Hornet as the primary Fleet fighter aircraft flown by students, while TOPGUN instructors retained their A4s and F5s, but also added the F16 Fighting Falcon to better simulate the threat presented by the Soviet Union’s new 4th generation MiG29 ’Fulcrum’ and Su27 ’Flanker’ fighters. However, hard flying of the specially built F16N aircraft led to discovery of cracks in the airframe which led to the subsequent retirement of this asset. However, in 2002, the Navy began to receive 14 F16A and B models from the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMARC) that were originally intended for Pakistan before being embargoed. These aircraft (which are not designated F16N/TF16N) are operated by the Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center (NSAWC) / (TOPGUN) for adversary training and like their F16N predecessors are painted in exotic schemes.Largely due to the end of the cold war in the 1990s, the TOPGUN syllabus was modified to include more emphasis on the airtoground strike mission as a result of the expanding multimission taskings of the F14 and F/A18. In addition, TOPGUN retired their A4s and F5s in favor of F16s and F/A18s in the Aggressor Squadron. In 1996, the transfer of NAS Miramar to the Marine Corps was coupled with the incorporation of TOPGUN into the Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center (NSAWC) at NAS Fallon, Nevada. TOPGUN instructors currently fly the F/A18A/B/C Hornet and the F16A/B Falcon (former Pakistani aircraft never delivered due to embargo) that are assigned to NSAWC.TOPGUN conducts four "Power Projection" classes a year. Each class lasts nine weeks and consists of nine Navy and Marine Corps strike fighter aircrafta mix of singleseat F/A18 Cs and Es, and twoseat F/A18 Ds and Fs. The TOPGUN course is designed to train already experienced Navy and Marine Corps aircrews at the graduate level (although it is currently not a regionally or nationally accredited educational program) in all aspects of strikefighter aircraft employment, which includes tactics, hardware, techniques and the current world threat for airtoair and airtoground missions. The course includes eighty hours of lectures and twentyfive flights that pit students against TOPGUN instructors. When a pilot or WSO completes the TOPGUN course he/she will return as a Training Officer carrying the latest tactical doctrine back to their operational squadron, or go directly to an FRS squadron to teach new aircrews. SFTIs can also become instructors themselves at TOPGUN later in their career. Each year, a small number of aircrews do not wholesale jerseys meet TOPGUN’s standards and are dropped from the course.TOPGUN trains four to six Air Intercept Controllers in each class on advanced command, control, and combat communication skills. They are completely integrated in the course and participate in most of the training missions. These "AIC" students, some of whom are E2C Hawkeye Naval Flight Officers, go back to their Carrier Air Wings after graduation and are given the responsibility of training all the air controllers and fighters in their Carrier Strike Groups in the art of air intercept control.TOPGUN also conducts an Adversary Training Course, flying with adversary aircrew from each Navy and Marine Corps adversary squadron. These pilots receive individual instruction in threat simulation, effective threat presentation and adversary tactics. TOPGUN provides academics and flight training to each Carrier Air Wing during their Integrated and Advanced Training Phases (ITP/ATP) at NAS Fallon which are large scale exercises that can involve as many as fifty aircraft. These large scale exercises serve as "dress rehearsals" for future combat scenarios. In addition to training crews, TOPGUN also conducts ground school courses six times a year. The Training Officer Ground School (TOGS) offers graduate level academics to Fleet aviators, adversary instructors and other Wholesale NFL Jerseys officers and enlisted personnel.TOPGUN holds a StrikeFighter Tactics Refresher Course (also known as "ReBlue") once a year, usually in the fall, bringing current fleet SFTIs back to Fallon for a twoday refresher, updating TOPGUN’s recommendations.The TOPGUN course has changed over time. In the 1970s it was four weeks long, in the 1980s five weeks. The final F4 Phantoms went through the class in March 1985, and the final F14 Tomcats in October 2003. Programs formerly run by TOPGUN that have been transferred to other commands or discontinued include Fleet Air Superiority Training (FAST) and Hornet Fleet Air Superiority Training (HFAST): coordinated programs of academics and simulators, training fighter pilots and WSOs in Maritime Air Superiority in the carrier group arena. TOPGUN is a department (N7) under NSAWC as are several other formerly independent weapons schools for AEW (TOP DOME), JTAC (run by SEALs), "Strike U" (N5), Airborne Electronic Attack and Maritime Weapons Schools. Additional schools are resident at the Master Jet bases and designated as Type Wing Weapons Schools such as the Strike Fighter Weapons Schools at NAS Lemoore and NAS Oceana. Instructors and curriculum at these schools support the locally based squadrons and conduct unit level training. NSAWC conducts training for both individuals in the case of TOPGUN and provides Air Wing level training. As a designated center of excellence, NSAWC provides standardization for the entire Weapon School community sets standards/criteria for individual qualification.US Air ForceSince 1949, the United States Air Force has operated a similar training program at the United States Air Force Weapons School (formerly called the "United States Air Force Fighter Weapons School" and the "Aircraft Gunnery School"), and conducts largescale tactical training exercises (see Red Flag) at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. Whereas the Navy’s Top Gun program is 9 weeks long, the US Air Force Weapons School program is five and a half months long. The program includes nearly every type of aircraft in the Air Force inventory as well as courses focused on intelligence, command and control, and space operations.US Marine CorpsThe Marine Corps operates Marine Aviation Weapons Tactics Squadron One (MAWTS1) at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma with an Adversary squadron, VMFT401, colocated at the base. MAWTS provides training for qualification of individual Weapons Tactics Instructors (WTI) that return to their squadrons as experts in employment of the aircraft and its weapons systems. The officers received from the Military Aviation School receive academic instruction and flight training aircraft in the AT63 Pampa advanced, and then integrate some of the operational squadrons of the Air Force.

Best Team Danny Trevathan Broncos Jersey of the Decade the 1990s During the 1990’s six different teams were crowned as Super Bowl Champions. Three teams received this honor on more than one occasion during the decade. The New York Giants won a Super Bowl, as did the Washington Redskins and the Pack was back as the Green Bay Packers won their third Super Bowl, but their first since Super Bowl number two. All Malik Jackson Broncos Jersey three of these teams played well during the 1990s and are deserving of recognition, but none deserve to be called the team of the decade. Hall of Fame Quarterback John Elway had accomplished many great feats in his long and very successful career with the Broncos, but a Super Bowl Championship had eluded him. That all changed when the Denver Broncos won not one, but two Super Bowl victories. This cemented John Elway as one of the all time great quarterbacks, and raised the Denver franchise to new heights, but not high enough to earn them the title of team of the decade. While the Broncos enjoyed a great deal of success in the 1990s by winning almost fifty eight percent of their regular season games, they also had five years when their record was 500 or less. This left the Broncos well behind the top two teams of the 1990’s, both of whom also won redskinsonlineprostore.com/WOMENS-BRIAN-ORAKPO-JERSEY.html multiple Super Bowl Championships. The San Francisco 49ers ended the decade of the 90’s on a sour note, going just 4 and 12. It was, however, the only year in the 1990s, when the 49ers won less than 10 redskinsonlineprostore.com/WOMENS-DEANGELO-HALL-JERSEY.html regular season games. Four times the 49ers won 13 or more games in a season. In fact, the 49ers averaged winning 11.3 regular season games per year in the 1990’s or 70.6 percent of their games. The San Francisco 49ers won two Super Bowls in the 1990s, bringing the total for the franchise to four, making them one of the best NFL franchises of all time. In the 1990s however, the San Francisco 49ers were out performed by a franchise which has long been considered one of the best in the NFL. During the 1990s the Dallas Cowboys averaged wining 10.1 games per year, or Danny Trevathan Authentic Jersey 63.1 percent of their regular season games. Four years in a row the Cowboys won 12 or more regular season games, taking division championships, and their share of conference championships along the way. The Dallas Cowboys, with Troy Aikman at the helm were able to win three Super Bowls during the 1990s and established themselves as one Malik Jackson Authentic Jersey of the best teams in NFL history. Although they did not manage a perfect season, their performance on the field often seemed flawless as they did whatever was required to win. The three Super Bowl victories from the 1990s, combined with the two Championships won previously, brought the Cowboy total to five, second only to the six championships won by the Pittsburgh Steelers. While the competition was tight, the team of the decade for the 1990s is the Dallas Cowboys.

De’Anthony Thomas of Oregon Darryl Sharpton Limited Jersey Ducks selected by Kansas City Tracy Porter Elite Jersey in Round 4
Back to Main MenuBusiness News HomeFront PorchIt Only MoneyOregon the EconomyPlaybooks ProfitsSilicon ForestWindow ShopStock Market ReportBusiness Public BlogBack to Main MenuVideos from the OregonianVideos from The Beaverton LeaderVideos from the Hillsboro ArgusVideos from The Forest Grove LeaderYour VideosDe’Anthony Thomas, the former Oregon Ducks running back, has been selected by Kansas City with pick No. 24 in the 4th Round (124 overall) of the 2014 Darryl Sharpton Authentic Jersey NFL Draft.There were questions about his size at 5 foot 9, 176 pounds but it looks like his overall talent and ability to play on special teams in the kick return units www.redskinsonlineprostore.com/WOMENS-DESEAN-JACKSON-JERSEY.html were too much for Kansas City to pass up on.With his explosive speed and similar build, Thomas has often been compared to Philadelphia Eagles running back Darren Sproles. As a junior at Oregon, Thomas rushed for 594 yards on the ground to go with 8 touchdowns. Injuries, however, forced him to miss four games in 2013.

cougar population at risk from trophy David Amerson Jersey hunters Andre Roberts Authentic Jersey The study was released Wednesday in anticipation of the province shortly publishing its first cougar management plan, which is under internal review."That means even the best management plan in the world for cougar hunting is fundamentally flawed," Darimont said."Also, most British Columbians are opposed to hunting animals except for sustenance. . In other jurisdictions it has been found that even most hunters don’t support hunting carnivores for sport," he said.Natural Resource Operations Ministry spokesman David Currie said the cougar management plan has not yet gone through an internal ministry review and it is not known when it will be released.So far, there has been no public redskinsonlineprostore.com/WOMENS-TRACY-PORTER-JERSEY.html participation in the plan, Currie said."The cougar management plan addresses hunting and harvest management and looks at habitat requirements for cougars. It does not address the ethics of trophy hunting," he said.Provincial figures show an average of 257 cougars are killed each year by hunters and an average of 50 a year are killed because of conflict with humans.Trends indicate cougar populations are declining and Vancouver Island, where there was previously one of the more dense cougar populations in the province, is now assumed to have dipped from an estimate of 1,200 in 1979 to between 300 and 400 in 2001, according to unpublished provincial figures.Cougar trophy hunts continue to be held on Vancouver Island. Hunts are usually held with hounds that tree the cougar. Radio collars then send Andre Roberts Womens Jersey a message to the waiting hunter, who shoots the cougar out of the tree. Instead, the province manages populations to meet pressure from lobby groups such as the trophy hunting industry and public safety concerns, he said."I don’t think any species should be hunted if we don’t know the numbers," he said."At present, provincial laws, regulations and practices for conserving and managing cougars fail to address the . growing threats to survival that cougars now face," he said.

Cleveland Browns sign WR Mile Austin DeSean Jackson JerseyThe Browns are acting as if Josh Gordon Alfred Morris Authentic Jersey is already gone.With the Alfred Morris Redshinks Jersey status of their Pro Bowl wide receiver still unclear for next season, the team added two veteran free agent wide receivers Thursday, agreeing to terms with Miles Austin and signing Earl Bennett.Both players give the Browns insurance in case Gordon, the team’s top playmaker who led the NFL in yards receiving last season, is suspended for a year after reportedly failing another drug test.Austin and Bennett have been available since March, but the Browns passed on them in favor of signing veteran Nate Burleson to challenge Greg Little for the No. 2 receiver’s spot. However, a report last week that Gordon is facing a one year suspension forced the Browns to find some quality help and rookie general manager Ray Farmer added Miles and Bennett.Despite being aware of Gordon’s situation, Farmer passed on drafting a wide receiver last week. At the time, Farmer’s inaction seemed peculiar, but the team obviously had other options in mind.’’We’re confident we have a plan,’’ coach Mike Pettine said at a golf outing earlier this week. ’’That DeSean Jackson Elite Jersey the situation didn’t call for panic, that’s something we weren’t going to do. I agree with Ray 1,000 percent that we have to build this team so that no one player drives the ship, that we can be insulated. Losing players for extended periods of time potentially is part of the game.’’Successful franchises are the ones that have enough depth built and enough options that they have from scheme wise, coaching wise to account for it. Those are the ones that are successful.’’A two time Pro Bowl player, Austin was released by Dallas in March in a salary cap move. The 29 year old played in just 11 games last season because of hamstring injuries.The 6 foot 2, 215 pound Austin was signed by the Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He appeared redskinsonlineprostore.com/WOMENS-DAVID-AMERSON-JERSEY.html in 106 games, recording 301 receptions for 4,481 yards and 34 touchdowns.Miles had his best season in 2009, when he had 81 receptions for 1,320 yards and 11 touchdowns.The 27 year old Bennett has made 29 starts in six pro seasons all with the Chicago Bears. He has 185 career receptions for 2,277 yards with 12 touchdowns. Last season, he had 32 receptions for 243 yards and four TDs in 15 games.Only hours after the Browns introduced Texas A quarterback Johnny Manziel last Friday, ESPN reported that the 22 year old Gordon is facing a one year ban for testing positive for marijuana dampened the enthusiasm created by Cleveland’s draft.Citing unidentified sources, the report said Gordon was notified by a league physician that he failed the test. Gordon has failed two previous tests and was suspended for the first two games last season for violating the league’s substance abuse policy.Despite playing just 14 games, Gordon, who also had substance abuse issues in college, led the league with 1,646 yards receiving.The league has not commented on Gordon’s situation.Agent Drew Rosenhaus has declined comment.Faced with a substantial fine, Farmer was careful as he spoke about Gordon, but indicated the team was prepared to move on without him.’’It’s no different than if a player was going out during the offseason and broke an ankle or tore an ACL playing pickup hoops,’’ Farmer said. ’’We have to build a football team that can win regardless of who’s missing. I think that’s the charge that we have. That’s my job. That’s coach Pettine’s job. To prepare this football team to win games regardless of who’s missing.’’Along with Gordon’s fluid situation, the Browns may be without Burleson after he recently underwent minor surgery to fix a plate in the left arm he broke last year in a car accident. Farmer expects Burleson to redskinsonlineprostore.com/WOMENS-ANDRE-ROBERTS-JERSEY.html be ready when training camp opens in July.

CBS takes Miami Dolphins legend Dan Marino off NFL preFormer Miami Dolphins great Dan Marino stands on the field at Sun Life Stadium before the start of the Dolphins’ game against the Patriots on Sept. 12, 2011.Post coverage of the Miami Dolphins, NFLPhotos: Dolphins full squad minicampVideo: Miami Dolphins cheerleaders debut new squadLatest Dolphins coverage from The PostLatest Dolphins blog updatesPost Live: Give us your take on the Dolphins!Timeline: Fins personnel men, their moves, vote in our pollMiami Dolphins, NFL headlinesThe last Browns stars to win a title are rooting for Johnny ManzielMiami Dolphins hope 2014 draft class has big talent from small schoolsMiami Dolphins to start 2014 training camp this weekNFL suspends Miami Dolphins’ Dion Jordan for four games for PED useDion Jordan’s suspension adds to Miami Dolphins’ offseason woesHall of Famer, former Canes star Warren Sapp fires back after leaving no tip MoreCBS Sports on Tuesday bumped Dan Marino from "The NFL Today" pre game show along with Shannon Sharpe, clearing room Robert Griffin III Jersey for the debut of newly retired tight end Tony Gonzalez.Marino’s release immediately fueled speculation that he might end up in a front office role with the Dolphins. He accepted such a job once before, holding the title of Dolphins senior vice president of football operations for three weeks in 2004 before deciding an executive position wasn’t the right fit.It might be now for both sides.In the wake of the Ted Wells report on the Richie Incognito Jonathan Martin bullying controversy, hiring Marino, a Hall of Famer and the most popular player in team history, would provide a much needed jolt of Pierre Garcon Jersey positive public relations for the Dolphins.From Marino’s perspective: With his broadcasting career on hold, joining the Dolphins front office would mean that instead of commutes to New York studios away from his family, he would make quick drives from his west Broward home to the team’s training facility in Davie.Perhaps more importantly, it would satisfy competitive fires that might be burning anew inside Marino, who has seen longtime quarterbacking rival John Elway build a Super Bowl franchise in Denver."I always think about getting back involved in football," Marino said during an interview with CBS Sports late last season. "You see John Elway, how successful he is. It’s something you look at. Maybe I’ll consider it."Those close to Marino, 52, believe he backed away in 2004 because of uncertainty Robert Griffin III Womens Jersey over exactly what his role would be and how much say he would have in shaping the team’s roster. If Marino and Dolphins owner Stephen Ross were to discuss a role, the power structure would have to be spelled out, especially considering the club just hired Dennis Hickey as general manager to control personnel.Marino and Ross already have a working relationship of sorts. Ross has included Marino and former Dolphins coach Don Shula on a committee Pierre Garcon Womens Jersey that will help make code of conduct recommendations for the organization in the wake of the Wells report.Gonzalez will join host James Brown and analysts Bill Cowher and Boomer Esiason on the set redskinsonlineprostore.com/WOMENS-TRENT-WILLIAMS-JERSEY.html of "The NFL Today.""While we welcome Tony, we want to acknowledge Dan Marino and Shannon Sharpe, who have contributed greatly to the success of ’The NFL Today’ for more than a decade," said Sean McManus, chairman of CBS Sports. "Dan and Shannon are true Hall of Famers on the field and in front of the camera."Marino remained on CBS’ pre redskinsonlineprostore.com/WOMENS-RYAN-KERRIGAN-JERSEY.html game show this past season despite speculation that the network might make a change following a New York Post report in early 2013 that he fathered a child with a former CBS Sports production assistant in 2005.At the time of the report, Marino released a statement saying, "This is a personal and private matter. I take full responsibility both personally and financially for my actions now as I did then. We mutually agreed to keep our arrangement private to protect all parties involved."